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  • Burnum - amfiteatar
  • Ivoševci, Kistanje
  • Burnum, Municipium Burnistarum
  • Croatia
  • Šibenik-Knin
  • Municipality of Kistanje

Credits

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Periods

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Chronology

  • 35 BC - 537 AD

Season

    • In the Ivoševci village, at the position of Karlovac, the systematic archaeological excavation and conservation work on the amphitheatre situated in the Roman military camp at the site of Burnum continued. Archaeological excavations began in the fall of 2003 and were continuously carried on during 2004 and 2005. During 2005, the southern and northern entrances of the amphitheatre were excavated. Archaeological excavations of the Burnum amphitheatre started at its southern entrance, which after the excavation was thoroughly documented and processed. It is 4.40 m wide and 12.38 m long. The passage has the shape of a corridor and was vaulted. On the façade above the entrance, there was originally a monumental inscription of Emperor Vespasian, found during the excavation of the lower layer of construction rubble. The inscription is preserved but broken into two parts. IMP(erator) . CAESAR . VESPASIANVS . AVG(ustus) . PONT(ifex) . MAX(imus) TRIB(unicia) . POT(estate) . VIII . IMP(erator) . XVIII . P(ater) . P(atriae) At the mouth of the passage towards the arena, on the right, a regularly shaped cut in the bedrock appeared, which probably served as a staircase leading to the slope with the auditorium. Unfortunately, only minor remains of the stairs were preserved. Between the left and right walls of the so-called funnel entrance, a soil deposit was established and archaeologically excavated. Over a hundred artefacts were found - from coins to parts of military equipment, weapons, items for everyday use, fragments of glass and ceramic vessels, etc. Excavation of the northern entrance of the amphitheatre began in 2004. Unlike the southern and eastern passages, this passage was excavated from the direction of the arena because by then most of the inner ring had already been excavated and it was quite clear that there must have been an entrance. The excavation was dictated by the side walls of the passage. At the outer end of the passage, on the left side of the entrance (seen from the inside), there was also a funnel-shaped expansion. On the right, the wall follows the outer shape of the amphitheatre and does not form a funnel-shaped expansion. This entrance is better preserved than the southern one, but their constructions are very similar. It is 4.33 m wide and 18.75 m long. Although the vault collapsed, there is no doubt that it was vaulted. At the northern entrance, remains of the outer ring of the amphitheatre have not yet been identified as the dig has not yet expanded in the relevant directions. During this campaign, only a few artefacts were found, primarily iron nails and pegs, fragments of ceramic and glass vessels. No coins were found. However, the high embankment layer in front of the northern entrance is likely to offer finds that will contribute to the precise dating of that part of the amphitheatre (J. Zaninović 2006, Hrvatski arheološki godišnjak 2/2005, 326–327).
    • In the village of Ivoševci, on the site of the Roman military camp Burnum, the Drniš City Museum, in cooperation with the University of Zadar, Department of Archeology, continued the systematic archaeological and conservation works on the amphitheatre. This building is located in the western part of the Roman military camp and excavation on this position began in the fall of 2003 and continues until today. In 2006, excavation was carried out at the southern entrance of the amphitheatre, and it was followed by the conservation, structural repairs and partial reconstruction of the southern entrance, which were also carried out. Since at the southern entrance, fragments of Vespasian's inscription were found at different levels, while in the rubble that backfilled the passage, structural parts of the vault were recorded at different heights, it can be concluded that the collapse of the vault and the filling of the passage was occurring gradually, probably caused by the dilapidation of the building and disturbed statics. In 2006, excavation was continued on the layer of rubble that leans on the walls of the southern entrance. To prepare the walls for conservation and structural repairs, trenches over 25 m long and about 3 m wide were opened on both sides along the walls. The number of Roman coins found was large, and belong to the first half of the 1st century. Also found were parts of military equipment (iron arrowheads, spears, javelins, parts of helmets, various fittings from leather and textile parts of equipment, etc.), many fibulae, and needles for various purposes, medical instruments, and bone artefacts. In particular, the large number of fragments of various ceramic vessels (terra sigillata, terra nigra, coarse domestic pottery, lamps, etc.) and glass fragments should be emphasized. The finds in the deposits above the bedrock are of military provenance and the relatively narrow chronological range in which they were used, together with the established stratigraphy, shows that it was a backfill created before the construction of the amphitheatre and that it probably originates from a nearby military facility from the time of Emperor Claudius. It is likely that during the preparation of the terrain for the construction of the amphitheatre, the wider area was levelled, so in the backfills of the depressions in bedrock both chronologically and typologically similar archaeological material can be expected (Joško Zaninović 2007, Hrvatski arheološki godišnjak 3/2006, 364–366).

Bibliography

    • Joško Zaninović 2007, Burnum - amfiteatar, Hrvatski arheološki godišnjak 3/2006, 363–364.
    • J. Zaninović 2006, Burnum - amfiteatar, Hrvatski arheološki godišnjak 2/2005, 326–327.